For a writer to argue a point effectively it is important that the writer demonstrate knowledge of the opposing view. In an argumentative essay a writer should briefly explain the main arguments of the opposition and then refute those arguments using logic, evidence, intellect or emotion. A writer¡¯s refutation of the opposing view is most effective when it is a point-by-point refutation.
Phrases to introduce the opposing view:
Some people may think/say/believe¡¦.
It is often said that¡¦
Proponents of ___________ may argue¡¦.
Supporters of ___________often claim¡¦.
The opposition feels¡¦.
Phrases to refute the opposing view:
The opposition¡¯s claim is wrong because¡¦.
What supporters of _________argue is faulty because¡¦
The opposition¡¯s argument that _____________is not
logical because¡¦.
The argument that _____________is not correct/relevant/true because¡¦.
Since there are two sides to every coin, it is very possible that the opposing view may have some valid arguments. In this case it is necessary that the writer admit the validity of the opposing argument and then explain why in spite of the strength of the claim, the writer¡¯s arguments are still stronger. Making a concession can lend credibility to the writer¡¯s claims because it shows that the writer has a broad understanding of the topic and is able to logically establish a comparative advantage for his/her position.
Phases for making a concession:
Although it is true that¡¦.
It may be partially true that ___________; however,
Even though supporters of ______________have a valid
point when the claim____________,
* Usually a concession is stated with an adverb clause
that denotes contrast.
How widespread is the problem? How many people are affected? How much damage is there?
How severe is the damage? How severely are people hurt?
Call to Action
The purpose of an argumentative essay is to change the reader¡¯s
opinion. Since the writer wants to
gain support for a particular cause, a writer may offer suggestions for how the
reader can be involved in a movement.
This is a ¡°Call to Action.¡± The writer directly states what steps or
measures need to be taken to accomplish the change. A ¡°Call to Action¡± will
often appeal to the reader¡¯s emotions rather than intellect.